Medical Science

Study BAMS|BHMS|BUMS|BVSC|BPT in India

EDICAL COURSES (BAMS|BHMS|BUMS|BVSC|BPT) is the most popular and designated degree of doctors. This is an undergraduate degree program in medical field. It takes the duration of 5.5 years for the completion of the degree. these is best course who like to study the medical program.

Every year, More than 60,000 Doctor Graduate from different medical colleges in India and more than 10,000 from foreign universities.

After completing the course, doctor makes plan to move foreign country for higher study or doing job. United Kingdom, Canada and Germany are the countries where doctors can do PG and get settle down.

Top-5 Reasons to choose Study in Medical Programs

• 1. All the medical programs are the best professional course which brings prestige and respect in society.

• 2. Its sets you up for Professional success, it is broad field that offers exciting career opportunities.

• 3. these courses high in demand in medical industry and open doors for professional advancement, Personal growth and other opportunities.

• 4. In India, More than 4.5 lac doctor required and only 50-60,000 doctor can produce every year.

• 5. Doctors/Medical professional uses the skills and expertise to contribute to society, solving everyday problems and challenges to help improve our way of life.

Before select Your Dream University/college

What are the important fact should be consider

1. Approval from Ayush department

2. UGC Reorganization

3. All India ranking

4. Study pattern and student teacher ratio

5. Faculty of a particular subject

6. Infrastructure and study environment

7. Hospital infrastructure and Patient flow

8. Hostel, Food, Safety & Security, Labs and Workshops

» Auxiliary Nursing Midwifery

ANM stands for Auxiliary Nursing Midwifery it is a diploma course which focuses on the study of health care of various individuals. It also taught about how to take care of equipment, setting up of Operation Theater, provide medication timely to patient and maintain records.ANM course trains the students & make them capable to work as basic health workers. ANM

graduates main focus is given towards the treatment of

children, women & old age people. ANM is a Two years diploma course. For ANM course you can apply after passing 10+2 from science, Arts or Any stream .The minimum age requirement is 17 years. Nursing is an integral part of healthcare sector. Nurses play a crucial role in the smooth functioning of different types of health organizations (hospitals, dispensaries, NGOs etc).Nursing is the discipline that focuses on care, rehabilitation or treatment of patients. The main objectives of the above mentioned actions are- prevention of diseases, rehabilitation and maintaining good health of patients and/or general public.

A person could work in the following profiles after ANM course:

• Certified Nurse

• Work At PHC

• Nurse Practitioner

• Staff Nurse

• Work In NGO

• Work In Clinics, Primary Centre

• Work In Health Care Centre

Eligibility Criteria

• The minimum age for admission shall be 17 years on 31st December of the year in which admission is sought.

• 10+2 class passed with Any Stream with aggregate of 45% marks from recognized board under AISSCE/CBSE/ICSE/SSC/HSC or other equivalent Board.

• Minimum education:

• Student shall be medically fit.

• Students appearing in 10+2 examination by National Institute of Open School with 45% marks.

• Student shall be admitted once in a year.

Eligibility Criteria

• Minimum and Maximum age for admission will be 17 and 35 years. There is no age bar for ANM/LHV.

• Minimum education :

• 10+2 class passed preferably Science (PCB) & English with an aggregate of 40% marks.

• 10+2 in Arts (Mathematics, Biotechnology, Economics, Political Science, History, Geography, Business Studies, Accountancy, Home Science, Sociology, Psychology, Philosophy) and English Core/English Elective or Health care Science - Vocational stream ONLY, passing out from recognized Board under AISSCE/CBSE/ICSE/SSC/HSC or other equivalent Board with 40% marks.

• 10+2 vocational ANM under CBSE Board or other equivalent board with 40% marks.

• Registered as ANM with State Nursing Registration Council.

• Student shall be medically fit.

• Students qualified in 10+2 Arts or Science examination or Health care Science - Vocational stream ONLY conducted by the National Institute of Open School with 40% marks.

• Student shall be admitted once in a year.

» General Nursing and Midwifery

GNM stands for General Nursing and Midwifery. It is a 3½ years long Diploma program. Academic program is 3 years long and 6 months are dedicated towards internship. In this article, you will be reading about GNM course details, eligibility criteria, admission process, syllabus, pg courses & advanced studies, career prospects and job profiles available after completing the course. GNM is a three and half year diploma course .The age limit is minimum 17 years and maximum 35 years. This course is for both male and female students. Nursing is a noble profession. It is a promising area offering diverse job opportunities to male and female aspirants. Nursing is an integral part of healthcare sector. Nurses play an important role in the smooth functioning of various healthcare setups. Nursing is a noble profession. It is a promising area offering diverse job opportunities to male and female aspirants. Nursing is an integral part of healthcare sector. Nurses play an important role in the smooth functioning of various healthcare setups. Nursing is a discipline that focuses on care, rehabilitation or treatment of patients. The main objectives of the above mentioned actions are- prevention of diseases, rehabilitation and maintaining good health of patients and/or general public. Nurses posses knowledge about patient care, medicines and rehabilitation. They are trained to take care of patients and assist Doctors in supervised or independent setups. GNM is a job oriented course, using which, 12th standard passed students may enter the field of nursing. Let us check out the course details now.

» B.Sc Nursing

B.Sc Nursing course is broadly based on education within an academic framework specially directed to the development of critical thinking skills, competence and standards required for the practice of professional nursing and midwifery as envisaged in National Health Policy, 2002. Since it involves nursing of the wounded or ill, a lot of sectors require these graduates hence increasing its demand which is only expected to increase in the future as well. In India, the course is registered under and is controlled by Indian Nursing Council. A person who is genuinely interested to serve society by treating and caring patients should not think twice before taking this course. As a nurse, a person makes a huge difference in people’s lives. A caring and compassionate nurse is considered a guardian angel by patients. This can be a very satisfying and gratifying career for the compassionate. A person can go further for a Masters in nursing which is a great advantage as it increases the expertise in the field generating more demand and better opportunities. If a person wishes to go into teaching, then Ph.D. is advisable for them.

B.Sc Nursing program prepares its aspirants to become an exemplary citizen by adhering to a code of ethics and professional conduct at all times in fulfilling personal, social and professional obligations so as to respond to national aspirations. These graduate nurses are prepared to work as a care provider, educator, coordinator, advocator, researcher, counselor & administrator, etc. and in hospitals, nursing homes, defense services, railways and aeronautical zones, industrial houses, factories, Schools and various such industries.

A person could work in the following profiles after graduating from this course:

• Case Manager

• Certified Nurse Midwife

• Clinical Nurse Specialist

• Director/CEO

• Manager/Administrator

• Nurse Anesthetist

• Nurse Educator

• Nurse Practitioner

• Staff Nurse

Eligibility Criteria

• The minimum age for admission shall be 17 years on 31st December of the year in which admission is sought.

• Minimum education:

• 10+2 class passed with Science (PCB) & English Core/English Elective with aggregate of 45% marks from recognized board under

AISSCE/CBSE/ICSE/SSC/HSC or other equivalent Board.

• Student shall be medically fit.

• Students appearing in 10+2 examination in Science conducted by the National Institute of Open School with 45% marks.

• Student shall be admitted once in a year.

» Post Basic B.SC. Nursing

Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing (P.B.B.Sc.) is a 2- year undergraduate program pursued for candidates interested in the field of Nursing. Nurses are healthcare professionals who are trained in taking care of patients, treating them, and assisting doctors in treatment and surgery. A qualified RN (Registered Nurse) is capable of administering preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative services to patients and communities at large. Nursing, beyond a profession, is an opportunity to serve and treat patients and is thus directly related to social change and impact. The INC (Indian Nursing Council) is the authorized body that governs all aspects of nursing education in India. The course follows the syllabus prescribed by the INC. The admission process for the course is varied, as various institutes have their very own criteria and processes of admission. Admission to the course is most often based on the candidate’s obtained merit at the 10+2 level and in the GNM course. Also part of the admission process are selection tests (aptitude test, interview, written test, etc.), based on performance in which, candidates are allotted seats.

Eligibility Criteria

Passed the Higher Secondary or Senior Secondary or Intermediate or 10+2 or an equivalent examination recognized by the university for this purpose. Those who have done 10+1 in or before 1986, will be eligible for admission.

Obtained a certificate in General Nursing and Midwifery and registered as R.N.R.M. with the State Nurses Registration Council. A male nurse, trained before the implementation of the new integrated course besides being registered as a nurse with State Nurses Registration Council, shall produce evidence of training approved by Indian Nursing Council for a similar duration in lieu of midwifery in any one of the following areas:

• O.T. Techniques

• Ophthalmic Nursing

• Leprosy Nursing

• TB Nursing

• Psychiatric Nursing

• Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing

• Community Health Nursing

• Cancer Nursing

• Orthopedic Nursing

Candidates shall be medically fit.

Students shall be admitted once in a year.

» M.SC Nursing

M.Sc. Nursing is a postgraduate course in theories and principles of nursing and allied sciences. A candidate has to be a B.Sc. /B.Sc. (Hons) graduate/Post Basic B.Sc Nursing in Nursing from a recognised university by INC in order to be eligible for this course.

M.Sc. Nursing is a two year program which specializes in many branches; for example Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Medical Surgical Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Pediatric Nursing and Psychiatric Nursing etc. The mode of admission is mostly through Entrance Examination or through marks obtained in qualifying examination and personal interview.

Eligibility Criteria

• The candidate should be a Registered Nurse and Registered midwife or equivalent with any State Nursing Registration Council.

• The Minimum education requirements shall be the Passing of B.Sc. Nursing/B.Sc. Hons. Nursing/Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing with a minimum of 55% aggregate marks.

• Minimum one year of work experience after Basic B.Sc. Nursing or Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing.

» Operation Theatre Technology

B.Sc. in Operation Theatre Technology program means to understand the Ethics, Layout of Operation Theatre as well as Handling the equipment. They will provide help to Surgeons, Specialist, Anesthetists and Nurses. The primary undertaking of Operation Theatre Technician is to help Doctors in Surgery, masterminding surgical instruments before surgery, cleaning instruments before surgery, obeying surgeons order a mid surgery or crisis strategies and dealing with anesthesia equipment. Operation Theatre Technologists are required across all hospitals who conduct surgeries such as General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Gynaecology Surgery and Urology etc. This program has been designed for meeting the demand of the growing needs of experts in the fields of operation theatre management, medical ethics, anesthesia technology and post-operation care. The course provides complete care to the surgical patient pre and post operation in the theatre and to assist the anesthetist, surgeon or the nurse in various procedures and helps to sterilize and disinfect the OT rooms following NABH protocols. After passing the course they can go for further higher degrees for enhancing their educational qualification and job promotions. This course will provide you with the technical and interpersonal skills required to work under the supervision of nursing, anesthetists and surgical personal.

Eligibility Criteria

Candidates who have successfully completed 12th standard with Science or its equivalent examination from any recognized board and college. The duration of this program is 3 years.

Diploma In Operation Theatre Technology

• Diploma in Operation Theatre Technology is a Diploma level Operations Theatre Technology program. This program prepares aspirants to work in the operation theatre as a competent reliable technologist among the other team members of a healthcare department, under the supervision and guidance of senior doctors and Technical persons in their delivery of patient care. They learn the utilization of numerous diagnostic equipment for example Ventilators, monitors, Defibrillators, C-arm etc. and also patient assessment abilities. Training also concentrates on the knowledge and skills of monitoring infection control policy and procedures in the operation theatre. Diploma in Operation Theatre Technology concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and ailments through the use of clinical laboratory tests.

• Candidates who have completed their Diploma in Operation Theatre Technology looks after all the work and management of the operation theatre which involves managing the patients in and out of operation theatre, looking after all the surgical instruments involving their sterilization, dressing table, arranging operation table, instrument table, anesthesia table and management of the operation theatre staff. An Operation Theatre Technologist also helps the surgeon amid the surgical operations and looks after the drugs required for surgery, drapes, anesthetic gases, linen and their sterilization.

• The aim of the program is to teach and train candidates in operation theatre technology and the management of operation theatre along with handling a wide range of operating instruments including electronic and advanced equipment used in modern operation theatres.

Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology (DMLT)

The course is an allied health/paramedical course that is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases through clinical laboratory tests.

As part of the course, such students are taught to :

Handle clinical tests, laboratory equipment, microscopic and automated equipment, and others.

• Match blood samples for blood transfusions and diabetic count.

• Test and check cholesterol levels and blood pressure in the body.

• Find the cause of such ailments. File reports that are passed on to the concerned doctor who recommends medication to the patient for the same.conduct such tests.

• Maintain laboratory equipment like:

• Centrifuge

• Microscopes

• Test tubes

• Safely dispose waste.

• Practice safety, cautiousness, and attentiveness at all times, such as wearing protective clothing, among others.

• Make reports for patients’ treatment.

Eligibility Criteria

• Successful qualification of the 10+2 level of education from a recognized educational Board.

• Science subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) as the main subjects of study at the 10+2 level.

• A minimum aggregate score of 45% (40% for SC/ST/OBC candidates) at the 10+2 level.

• Some Universities provided DMLT On Successful qualification of the 10th level of education from a recognized educational Board.

» Medical Laboratory Technology B.SC MLT

B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology is an Allied Health specialty program that deals with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases through the utilization of clinical laboratory tests. As important members of the health care group, medical laboratory experts play an important role in collecting the information required to provide the best care to an ill or injured patient. The truth of the matter is that the practice of modern medicine would be outlandish without the tests performed in the laboratory. Medical laboratory experts have unlimited options of practice settings. Hospitals, public health facilities, nursing homes, clinics, and commercial laboratories all have job opportunities for qualified laboratory experts or professionals. In these settings, correspondence and research aptitudes are profoundly esteemed. Candidates who must be able to conduct research, be hard worker, finish tasks with accuracy and can handle stress and must have interpreting technical skills. Candidates willing to pursue B.Sc. (Medical Laboratory Technology) program and have knowledge of mechanical ability, laboratory instruments, and the ability to utilize computers are most appropriate for this program. Candidates who are thinking of doing Masters’ Degree after it and then further research work are also additionally fit for this.

Eligibility Criteria

• Minimum eligibility for it is an intermediate (10+2) passed with science subjects or equivalent examination from a recognized University or Board.

• Candidates must have scored a minimum of 50% aggregate to be eligible for admission to B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology course.

» Diploma In Radiology & Imaging Technology

Diploma in radiology and imaging technology is a two year diploma program which aims towards a basic understanding of various aspects of radio diagnostic technology and medical imaging techniques. Students will get through training about the use of radiographic equipment, learn how to position patients to get the best images and learn to critique images. Students will develop knowledge and skills such as anatomy and physiology, examination techniques, patient care, professionalism, radiation safety and protection and x-ray equipment.

Diploma holders in medical radiology and imaging technology can pursue their career as radiographers, radiologic technologists, nuclear medicine technologist, x-ray technicians or ultrasound technicians.

Other types of jobs available for these diploma holders in medical imaging technology are:

• Ultrasound technician

• Medical advisor

• Radiologic technologist

• Medical image analysis scientist

Eligibility Criteria

• Candidate must have passed the 10+2 or equivalent examination from a recognized state or central board with at least 50% (40% to 45% for reserved category candidates) marks.

• Some Universities provided Diploma On Successful qualification of the 10th level of education from a recognized educational Board.

B.SC In Radiology & Imaging Technology

A radiographer produces radiography of patients with the help of X-ray to find the exact medical condition of the patient. In addition with X-ray, a radiographer also considers CT scans, ultrasounds and MRI for producing radiography. Radiology field is broadly divided into two areas namely diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology. Diagnostic Radiology is the specialization of medicine that uses the images of X-Ray and other imaging techniques to diagnose the disease and injury of patient. Interventional Radiology is the another medical specialty that also uses imaging techniques (X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound) for direction. Patients can be treated and diagnosed using minimally invasive procedures. The need of educated and professional radiology technologists in hospitals, clinics, and physicians’ offices are increasing continuously. The field of radiography will be continued to show higher than average job growth into the future. After completing your degree in this field you will become Radiologist , Radiology Technologists/ Radiographer, Radiology Technicians, Ultrasound Technician/ Diagnostic Medical Sonographer, MRI Technician, CT Tech/ CAT Scan Technologist/ CT Scan Technologist.

Eligibility Criteria

• Minimum eligibility for it is an intermediate (10+2) passed with science subjects or equivalent examination from a recognized University or Board.

• Candidates must have scored a minimum of 50% aggregate to be eligible for admission to B.Sc. in Medical Radiology & Imaging Technology course.

Diploma In Dialysis Technology

Dialysis is defined as the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood through an artificial manner that is with use of some medical equipment or machinery. It is generally implied to those persons who are suffering from kidney ailments or their kidneys has stopped natural functioning.

In the past few decades due to changing lifestyle and behavior there has been an increase in kidney-related patients. This, in turn, has surged the growth of dialysis units in hospitals and clinics. To run these units effectively there is a need for the skilled technician who can carry out the process effectively

Eligibility Criteria

Candidate must have passed the 12th or equivalent examination from a recognized state or central board with at least 50% (40% to 45% for reserved category candidates) marks.

Some Universities provided Diploma On Successful qualification of the 10th level of education from a recognized educational Board.

» Dialysis Technology

B.Sc. in Dialysis Technology is a 3 years Degree Programme. Aspiring candidates with 10 +2 (Science) or equivalent qualification are eligible to apply for the course. The course is designed to prepare students to administer haemodialysis treatments for patients with renal failure, under the supervision of Doctor or Physician. The course imparts essential instruction to enrolled students in basic anatomy and physiology, dialysis preparation, dialysis prescription interpretation, extracorporeal circuit, dialyzer setup and maintenance, patient preparation, equipment monitoring, venepuncture and local anesthesia administration, taking vital signs, documentation and communication, safety and sanitation, emergency interventions, and professional standards and ethics.

Eligibility Criteria

Candidates having qualified 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry & either of Biology and Biology/ Maths as main subjects with a minimum aggregate score of 50% in classes X and XII are eligible to apply for the course. This percentage criterion, however, may vary across institutes.

» Pharma

Diploma in Pharmacy or D.Pharma. is a 2-year full-time Diploma course divided into 4 semesters. D.Pharma. has been designed to prepare candidates to work under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist in hospitals, community pharmacies, and other related pharmaceutical fields. The basic eligibility criterion for pursuing the course is a 10+2 or equivalent qualification in any stream from a recognized educational board. Admission to the course is based on the candidate’s performance in a relevant entrance exam or merit obtained in the last qualifying exam. D.Pharma course is a career-oriented program in the medical field of Pharmacy, designed to familiarize candidates with the basic concepts of pharmaceutical science. The purpose of the program is to prepare students with the necessary skills and academic knowledge for entry-level positions in retail pharmacies as well as pharmaceutical companies. The course essentially provides an overview of the theory and various principles and practices involved in the science of pharmacy.

B.Pharm

Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharma) is an undergraduate degree course in the field of Pharmacy education. The students those are interested in the medical field (except to become a doctor) can choose this course after the completion of class 12th (PCM/B). After the completion of this degree, the students can practice as a Pharmacist. Pharmacists can work in a range of industries related to the prescription, manufacture & provision of medicines. The duration of this course is 4 years.

The B.Pharma is one of the popular job oriented course among the science students after class 12th. In this course the students study about the drugs and medicines, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Medicinal Chemistry, etc. This course provides a large no. of job opportunities in both the public and private sector.

M.Pharma

M.Pharm Pharmaceutics course offers to every eligible student a very comprehensive and well-rounded up curriculum on the design and manufacture of medicines. It takes into consideration all facets of the process of drug-making from new chemical entity. The candidates are required to have a graduation degree in B.Pharma with a minimum of 50% marks to be eligible to seek admission in M.Pharma from a recognized university. The course offers a magnified vision and knowledge of the subjects studied in B.Pharma. It includes subjects like modern analytical technique, computing, product development, among other things. After the completion of M.Pharma. Pharmaceutics course, the students have the opportunity to even start their own pharmacy or chemists and druggists shop. Besides, professors and teachers in Pharmaceutical courses are highly in demand. There are also employment opportunities in both food and cosmetic along with Pharmaceuticals Company which requires the assistance and assurance regarding the safety and effectiveness of the medicines.

» Physiotherapy

Diploma In Physiotherapy

DPT (Diploma in Physiotherapy) course teaches professionals to maximize performance of human movement, enable clients to achieve optimal independence in physical movement and function, implement evidence-based techniques to manage disorders of the human body for people of all age groups, provide treatment, preventive advice, and care, rehabilitate those with physical and psychological impairment and maximize clients’ functional abilities for healthy lifestyles.

Bachelor of Physiotherapy

The students undergo a vigorous academic program and in the 1st year, the subjects undertaken are Human Anatomy, Human Physiology, Biochemistry, Basics of Physiotherapy & Social Psychology. In the 2nd year, the students are given practical as well as theoretical knowledge regarding Electrotherapy, Exercise Therapy, Biomechanics along with other subjects viz. Microbiology, Pathology & Pharmacology. The 3rd year gives the students full clinical orientation of Gen. Medicine, Gen. Surgery, Orthopaedics, Clinical Neurology & Psychiatry & Cardiothoracic conditions as well as knowledge of Disability Prevention & Rehabilitation.

In the 4th & final year, the students take over vigorous Physiotherapy training regarding management of Orthopaedic, Neurological, Cardiothoracic, Pediatric & Surgical Conditions.

Master Of Physiotherapy

Orthopedics, Neurology, Cardiopulmonary and Sports Owing to the need of specialized education after Physical Therapy graduation, the Institute started up Post-Graduate programs in Physiotherapy with specializations in Orthopedics, Neurological Disorders and Sports Medicine.

The first year of the Master's Program consists of theoretical classes focusing on Basic & Advanced Therapeutics as well as routine clinical postings for stipulated hours for the students. The second year include theory classes, clinical postings, seminars, hands on workshops, dissertations & research work as per respective specialization. The Master's students take up their final year University exam at the end of second year along with their dissertation submission. The weekly schedule also includes case presentations, clinical discussions and journal clubs to keep the students updated about the recent advancements in the field of physiotherapy.

» Medical Transcription

Medical Transcription,also known as MT,is an allied health professional dealing with the process of transcribing voice recorded medical reports that are dictated by physicians,nurses and other healthcare practitioners. Medical reports can be voice files,notes taken during a lecture,or other spoken material. This service used by physicians,clinics,and hospitals.A special training and certification is needed for transcribing medical records such as patient histories,operative reports, clinical notes,and laboratory reports.All the work must be done in a specific turnaround time with highest accuracy and Format given by them.

Medical Transcriptionist jobs offer a great option for anyone who dreams of working at their own home office, Transcription Companies,BPO,Clinics, Diagnostic Centre, Medical Laboratory and Hospitals.It can be technically challenging & interesting job, which pays high scale salaries for everybody who is looking for a career and very much concerned about the scope. M.T BPO work comes from developed Country like America, Canada and others.

Skills to be developed :

Basic Comy Skills, English Grammar Skills with spell checking and English accent and Medical Terminology of Doctors.

Types of Training: Offline/ Online M T Training

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility : 10th/12th.

Courses :

Certification in M.T

Diploma in M.T

FIRST AID/BLS/CPR COURSE :

FIRST AID : First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve Life, prevent the Condition from worsening,or to promote recovery.

BLS(Basic Life Support): Basic Life support is a level of medical care which is used for victims of Life threatening illness or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital.It can be provided by trained medical personnel,including emergency medical technicians, paramedics, Public Safety professional and by qualified bystander. It's mainly used for sudden onset of Cardiac Arrest, Respiratory Distress or an obstructed Airway.

» CPR(Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation):

CPR is an emergency Procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility : 10th/12th.

Useful For: Students, Health Care Professional, Paramedics, Technicians.